Fig. 10: Alessandro Volta’s ‘crown of cups’ battery

“We may also solder together, and end to end, slips of copper and of zinc, bent at their point of junction, so that each metal may be plunged into a vase or cup of glass, or of porcelain, partly filled with a liquid conductor. A series of similar vessels forms an electromotive chain, of which the extremities may be brought circularly round towards each other, for the convenience of making experiments, fig. 10. This is what Volta calls the apparatus De lasses à Couronne. But in whatever way this apparatus be arranged, the principle of its action is evidently the same; and the theory we have explained applies equally to all” (p. 433).